Comparison Of Utilitarianism And Deontology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1501 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Ethics Essay Level High school Tags: Utilitarianism Essay Did you like this example? Utilitarianism vs Deontology Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, (Wikipedia.com, Utilitarianism). This is stating that it is morally good to use human lives if there is a greater good is the result. An example of this would be getting an abortion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparison Of Utilitarianism And Deontology" essay for you Create order Utilitarianists believe that committing an abortion is morally okay as long as it leads to a good result for the majority, (iep.utm.edu, Act and Rule Utilitarianism). Also, utilitarianist reject moral codes or commands that are considered taboo that is based on customs, traditions, or orders given by leaders or supernatural beings, ( iep.utm.edu, Act and Rule Utilitarianism). Instead, they prefer a positive contribution to human beings. Another example of utilitarianism is eliminating certain people and saving valuable resources for other people that will benefit from them. This is also known as rationing, and is stated as unavoidable because the needs for it are limitless, (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Ethics and rationality of Medicine). For instance, a person is considered brain dead and has little to no chance at recovering can provide about ten organs and at the same time is not using up valuable resources. Recently in the news, there have been numerous reports from Iceland that doctors there have discovered a cure for Down Syndrome, (cbsnews.com, Down Syndrome Disappears). Upon closer examination, it has been discovered that doctors have not cured Down Syndrome, but they have killed all those unborn babies who they believe will be born with the disease. These doctors have been using prenatal testing to determine if the unborn baby will get this genetic disease or not. According to recent data studies, the United States has a sixty-seven percent termination rate, and Denmark is ninety-eight percent rate, (cbsnews.com, Down Syndrome Disappears). A utilitarianist would believe that aborting these unborn babies with defects is for the greater good. This is because utilitarianist believes those born with these genetic defects are draining valuable resources, and in certain situations, those resources would be limited and should not be wasted on defective people. So, the death of the unborn is being used to achieve the greater good. Another view of this the practice of genocide, deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those apart of a particular ethnic group or nation, (Wikipedia.org, Genocide definitions). Not only is a certain group being targeted, but its also a group that requires more protection for those with this disability. The complete opposite of utilitarianism is Deontology. Deontology is The study of the nature of duty and obligation, (wikipedia.com, Deontological Ethics). Meaning it is never morally correct to use a human being only as a means to a further end. For instance, each and every human life, no matter the stage of development or condition the person is in, it is inherently valuable. As human beings, we are rational with a free choice who prefer to not be used as tools for someone elses purpose. Kants theory states Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means, but always at the same time as an end, (link.springer.com, Abstract). Kant is simply suggesting that if his Principle of Humanities were followed, the world would be perfect. Principle of Humanities is the study aspects of humanity and culture, (Humanities, en.wikipedia.org). This is stating that we can never use human beings as a means to an end. Meaning we as humans should never use one another as a tool. But, we can use people generally under certain circumstances. An example of this would be asking someone to borrow twenty dollars and giving them the exact reason why you would be borrowing. For instance, Asking a parent for twenty-dollars to put gas in your car is a great example to explain the Principle of Humanities. If we apply deontology to the issue of killing unborn children that are prone to down syndrome, we see that neither side is morally permissible to treat one another as a means to an end. We humans should always recognize the person, born or unborn. The act of killing an innocent child because of what genetic disformity it will have is clearly treating oneself as a means to an end, as the woman carrying the unborn child as a means to end the babys life to save herself from having to take care of it once it is born, or as a way to save money from having to pay to deal with this kind of special needs child. Then the mothers life becomes a means to an end and that is wrong. We as a society do not allow a woman to be this irresponsible to end a human life just because of the troubles it could cause them mentally and financially. Also, doctors should be involved in the decision making because an abortion can cause harm to a womans health, ( https://www.bbc.co.uk,Safety of Women). Doctors u se to take the Hippocratic oath, stating I will not give a woman an abortive remedy, (www.medicinenet.com, Classic Hippocratic Oath). Doctors are meant to cure and heal the sick, not to kill human beings. For the issue of killing an innocent baby born with Down Syndrome, I argue that we should not kill the innocent baby to benefit someone else. First, I believe it is wrong to use a human being that has not even had a chance to live, for parts. Even if the person is not fully grown or harmed in any way. There is no price that compares to a humans life. Utilitarians do not view life this way, they see humans as a resource to get what they want. Those who need help the most should not be killed and used, they deserve to live and be protected. Second, a prenatal test does not guarantee that the child will have Down syndrome, it is just showing if the risk is high or low, (cbsnews.com, Down Syndrome Disappears). If the unborn child ends up not having Down Syndrome, then the abortion was performed for no reason. Lastly, a doctor cannot be one-hundred percent sure that the unborn baby has any kind of disease until it is born. Therefore, killing an innocent an possibly unharmed by genetics ch ild is wrong. When a woman is told her child could possibly be born with a genetic disorder, she should be fully informed on the causes that could happen to the baby and herself. Especially her health if the doctor is trying to convince to have an abortion. An abortion can have a psychological and emotional impact on a womans body, (www.labroots.com, Affects the Woman). Therefore, Doctors have to give the woman consent. Meaning the woman has to be fully aware of what could happen to her body and the unborn child. Doctors are known for not telling all the side affects of procedures or medication when giving them to their patient. So, I will not allow myself to undergo an abortion just because my child would be born with a genetic disorder. This is because there is a chance of infertility, or perforate the lining of my uterus, and that can cause infection and even sepsis,(www.labroots.com, Affects the Woman). There is such thing as an non-voluntary euthanasia, and this includes abortion, (https://www.life.org.nz, Abortion/Euthanasia). These two types of murder are morally wrong, and to this day are being debated as to what life is said to be. Euthanasia targets groups such as people that are sick, disabled, and old. In Iceland, unborn children are being killed for having a genetic disease called Down Syndrome, (cbsnews.com, Down Syndrome Disappears). Citation Page Atwell, John E. The Principle of Humanity. SpringerLink, Springer, 1 Jan. 1986, link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-4345-2_6. Deontological Ethics. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Nov. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontological_ethics. Ethics Abortion: Safety of Women. BBC, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/mother/safety.shtml Genocide Definitions. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Apr. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_definitions. How an Abortion Affects the Woman | Videos. LabRoots, LabRoots, Inc., www.labroots.com/trending/videos/9914/how-abortion-affects-woman-s-body. Humanities. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Nov. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, www.iep.utm.edu/util-a-r/. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, www.iep.utm.edu/util-a-r/. Lajka, Julian Quinones Arijeta. ?What Kind of Society Do You Want to Live in?: Inside the Country Where Down Syndrome Is Disappearing. CBS News, CBS Interactive, 14 Aug. 2017, www.cbsnews.com/news/down-syndrome-iceland/. Medical Definition of Hippocratic Oath. MedicineNet, www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20909. The Abortion/Euthanasia Connection. Impact of Euthanasia on the Family | The Life Resources Charitable Trust, www.life.org.nz/abortion/abortionkeyissues/euthanasialink/. Utilitarianism. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Nov. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism

Comparing and Contrasting Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E....

No matter how much something can differ some characteristics are shared. As strange as it sounds it’s very true, both Grant and Lee are two different yet similar people. As these two fights for what they believe in, though their beliefs are different they share some qualities. Ulysses S. Grant wanted the nation to expand and look forward towards the future. Robert E. Lee thought that an old aristocratic way of life was the better choice and that it can survive and dominant in American life. Ulysses S. Grant was a man who grew up the hard way. He was the son of a tanner on the Western frontier. He was a man that looked mainly towards the future and could careless about the past. Grant view everything as one, he wanted to†¦show more content†¦Robert E. Lee was a man of family, culture and tradition. Lee was a man who believed in the old English ways in chivalry. The Southern states fought for the same ideals that Lee stood for. Lee believed that this way of life made men to be of a higher class. He was convinced that these old values can build a better nation. Catton express the Confederacy loyalty to these values by saying: â€Å"For four years, the southern states had fought a separate war to up held the ideals for which Lee; as if he himself was the Confederacy†¦ the best thing that the way of life for which the Confederacy stood could have ever had to offer† (410). Grant and Lee are completely different when it comes to their views on what the American life style should be. Grants goals and standard are high, as the author says here in this statement: â€Å"Grant was the modern man emerging; beyond him, ready to come on the stage, was the great age of steel and machinery, of crowded cities and a restless burgeoning vitality† (411). I think that these values of a much larger and brighter future is a better choice. Thinking ahead rather than staying with the old ways is by far the greatest selection for the nation. Though Lee was a man of great class and noble causes he was forced to surrender to Grant. I suppose that the statement â€Å"out with the old and in with the new† is a true one. It would seem that Catton would agree with me when he said: â€Å"Lee might have ridden down

Internationalization Strategies Organizational Boundaries

Question: Discuss about the Internationalization Strategies for Organizational Boundaries. Answer: Introduction Internationalization strategies aim to expand organizational boundaries to other foreign markets; such strategies help organizations in lending and capturing foreign market through cross border transactions. In last three decades there has been tremendous growth in global FDI expenditure as the figure grew from approx. 6 percent to 27 percent (unctad.org, 2014). There are different types of FDI strategies such as investment, exporting, join ventures, mergers, acquisitions that are adopted by firms for market entry. This paper aims to present analysis on FDI strategy of a MNC from Global 500 companies; selected firm for the analysis is Tata Motors and its expansion in Germany. This analysis shows the way a company from an emerging market expand its business in developed market. This paper include information on selected firm, analysis in European markets, its key contributing factors with the help of internationalization theories. Later part discusses foreign entry strategies such as entry strategies, advantages and its constraint. It also includes analysis on business impact and contribution make by the company in host country. The Analysis of your Multinational Corporation Selected MNC for the research is Tata Motors Limited, it is an India based leading automobile company that deals in wide range of products including trucks, coaches, military vehicles, construction equipments, vans, buses and passenger cars (www.tatamotors.com, 2015). In context to the volume of production it has the rank of being the second largest manufacturer of buses and the fourth biggest manufacturer of trucks (Tata Motors Limited, 2012). There are 76,500 employees, with $1684 million. It is the only Indian automobile company that made to global 500 lists. According to theoretical definition of MNC it is affirm that sell products in different countries (Gupta, 2010). Tata Motors have made its strong presence in 170 countries with 6600 touch points with its research and development centres in India, UK, South Korea and Italy. Another key characteristic of MNC is to establish globalization of production in which the company try to establish production advantage of land labour and capital from different markets (Gupta, 2010). In terms of international busines Tata Motors have strong presence in South Africa since 1992; it produces left-hand and right-hand drive versions of our cars, buses, SUVs and trucks. In this market the company adopted fragmented approach, it helped in improving cumulative exporting and sales reach to 15000 units (Roux, 2006). This brand is also present in Latin America since 1992; in this market it sells mid-sized sedans such as Indigo and the Manza, hatchback Vista, and the Tata Xenon. Apart from this, it is also present in Europe in Italy, Spain and Poland; in Middle-east countries and Asian countries (www.tatamotors.com, 2015). In UK it owned Jaguar Landrover, it created more than 36000 jobs; the company invested $1.1 billion for new product creation. In 1994 it entered Germany market through Joint venture mode. Host Country Analysis Key factors Key reason for expanding Germany includes its increasing market size and scope for business development. Germany is economically stable nation with surplus balance of trade; there is large number of export than import. With 81 million populations there was growth of 1.6 percent in GDP with low unemployment rate (straitstimes.com, 2015). There is strong presence of Tata Group in the market, attractive portfolio of Jaguar and Landover also helped in increasing its sales (www.tatamotors.com, 2015). The automobile industry of Germany is huge; it provides largest employment opportunity in the nation. This country is suitable for automobile industry due to its availability of skilled workforce; this country is also regarded as birth place of automobiles since 1970. It is the largest home of well-known automobile companies such as Volkswagen AG, Daimler AG, BMW AG, Porsche, Mercedes Benz, Adam Opel etc. Germany has strong image in worldwide market for automobile industry and has highest num ber of automobile manufactures in the world(Tata Motors, 2013). This region has strong demand for energy efficient cars in Germany; therefore this demand can be fulfilled by Tata Motors with its eco-friendly products offerings such as Tata Nano CNG emax, which is a technology upgraded car with low carbon emission, high mileage, cutting edge CNG fittings; sensors, safety promoting interlock sensors with world class comfortable interiors. According to A.T Kearney Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index, Germany is regarded as most attractive and beneficial destination for FDI investment, partnerships etc. as it offer efficient scope for research and development centres. Further, there is rising demand for small and medium sized energy efficient cars in the market, which gives business development scope to Tata Motors. With rising awareness and concerns regarding environment protection, there is conscious shift in preference towards fuel efficient cars in the market, therefore Tata Motors can leverage this opportunity in Germany market. Porter diamond theory For instance according to Porter diamond model there are six factors that can be evaluated to analyse competitiveness of a specific firm in given location, it include factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, firm strategy, government and lastly chance (Porter, 1990). Therefore, scenario of Tata Motors in relation to market operation in Germany is analysed below; Factor Conditions: Factor condition can be defined as three core elements of business capital resources, infrastructure for business operation and availability of physical resource. As Germany has a strong automobile industry, there is availability of all factor condition that will also help the brand in gaining economies of scale. Demand Conditions: Analysis shows high demand for electric cars in global market as well as Germany market. Both India (home country) and Germany (Host country) aims to make their all cars electric by the year 2030. There is rising demand for electric cars in global market; in the year 2014 total demand was 740,000 (/cleantechnica.com, March). Availability of supporting Industries: It includes presence of suppliers of raw materials, proper availability of parts and equipments requirements. Availability of skilled labour, presence of iron and steel industry, high technology supports industry development(Porter, 1990). Firm Strategy, Rivalry and Structure : This country has shown excellence in automotive industry, there is presence of intense rivalry but the same it time it offers high sales, demand and strong brand image. It is the most developed industry with turnover of EUR 351 billion(GTI, 2013); it is number of market in Europe for automotive industry, both sales and production. It is also the most innovative sector with almost 33 percent of industry income dedicated to Rand D on technology and innovation. Government support: There is rising regulatory strictness on decreasing emission of harmful gases, fuel consumption and co2 emission by all vehicles need to be reduced. Germany has a target of reducing 34 million-ton reduction in CO2 by the year 2020 (www.gtai.de, 2015). Foreign Entry Strategies Business expansion require proper planning and choice of correct market entry strategy depending on company objective, nature of business, external environment, industry scenario, internal business environment etc. (Andersson, 2004). There is wide range of international market entry strategies, such as FDI, export, franchisee, licencing, joint venture, merger, acquisition, business alliance etc. section below discuss the market entry strategy selected by Tata Motors to enter Germany market, its advantages and constraints. Joint venture It is easy for Tata Motors to enter Germany due to its access in European region, it can sign a strategic alliance with any automobile company is Germany or any other European market. However, Joint venture is the key strategy opted by Tata Motors in the market. Joint venture involve is when two or more companies agrees to share their resources, business expertise and work to achieve a common goal(Y., 1999). This is a joint strategy that helps in diving risk and rewards between companies. Initial business of Tata Motors started with Joint Venture with Daimler Benz of Germany that helped the brand in manufacturing of commercial vehicles since 1954. Advantages Primary advantage for opt Joint venture is value maximization; it also facilitates in better task coordination. This strategy helps in expanding business through pooling of resources from different parties (Yan Zeng, 1999). As if an international brand sign a joint venture with local brand it helps in subsidizing market risk as local partner have fair market knowledge, industry practices, legal information with in-depth customer understanding. Joint venture also facilitate in enhancing overall business capacity and technical expertise, with broader market for product distribution (Yan Zeng, 1999). Constraints However, major risk involve in joint venture is loss of information and knowledge to other party; therefore if there is any conflict in future it might impact resources adversely. It is crucial to ensure a strong internal approval process by conducting proper investigation on the partner (UbreÃ…Â ¾iov Bujňkov, 2009). It include analysis on the financial strength of the firm such as working capital, equity, cash flow; second is resource capability of the firm; third is cultural evaluation, there must not be wide cultural gap as it might lead to internal conflict and employee unrest; fourth is evaluating the history of legal claims on the company and their past JV experiences with other companies (Y., 1999). Acquisition Acquisition is a process of integration of two or more organizations by purchase of assets and liabilities of selling firm by buying firm, in this context one firm have higher power over other firm (Depamphilis, 2010). It is also linked through its subsidiary companies in European market, as Tata Technologies Ltd a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors, acquired majority of stakes in INCAT International Limited, this company supply engineering and design, product life cycle management to durable goods industries. In the year 2006, CEDIS Mechanical GmbH, Germany was acquired by INCAR which is also a design service provider helped the brand in making its market presence strong in Germany and whole of Europe (www.ibef.org, 2011). Exporting Tata Motors also adopted exporting strategy in Germany market; it is a process of selling goods manufactured in one country to another country. Tata Motors export Tata Safari Sports Utility Vehicle, Tata Indica range etc. This strategy helps in taking advantage of low cost manufacturing in different markets. Centralized production helps in giving proper control. However, there is problem in providing adequate customer support and hindrance caused by import regulations, quotas in different countries (Millington Baylis, 1990). However, Tata Motors enjoy cost advantage in India that helps in selling its product at low price. International Business Impacts and Contributions Product offered by Tata Motors help customers in meeting demand through quality design and cutting edge technology. It helps in supporting environmental friendly cause, reduction in carbon footprint, reduction in energy expenditure. Tata Motors also act as a responsible corporate citizen by developing CNG variants of their regular car models. Further this expansion also helped country in currency appreciation and tax benefit from the company. As Tata Motors also established its research and development unit in the new market, advancement gained from research also benefit other players in the market. FDI helps in brining capital inflow and growth in the market, it helps in strengthening local industry and also beneficial for the economy. UN global compact principles Organizations need to abide by certain global principles to ensure sustainability and abidance of their fundamental duties towards society. Four key areas of fundamental responsibilities include labour, environment, anti-corruption and human rights. Implementing these principles within strategic actions of the company helps in ensuring that company is fulfilling its responsibility towards planet, people and also help in its long term success. Environment There are three core principles that organizations need to implement for environmental development, it include supporting a precautionary approach towards environmental concerns; second is to promote environmental responsibility and third is to encourage development of environmental friendly technologies. All three principles are completely abided by Tata Motors. The company is a bearer of EMS 14001, environment protocol for conversion of environment. Tata Motors is highly committed towards UN global impact principles, through its internationalization and business operation, it has achieved the target of reduction in carbon emission by 48,620 with the use of renewable energy; 2.47 percent of income is spend on research and development (/ycharts.com, 2014). Home country impact influence of internationalization, India is an emerging market; it gives cost, technology and labour advantage to the company. Emergence of Tata Motors helped host country in availability of eco-friendly cars at very low price; though there are other players also in the market but Tata Motors offers the cheapest cars. It also provides best engineering design. Its renewable energy protects helps in reducing carbon emission and support climate change cause in the region. .Company currently focuses on environmental issues, it aims to control emission, reduce wastage. In future in needs to enhance its focus on anti-corruption issues due to rising concerns for une thical practices in the market. Labour Four principles that must be included for labour development include right to collective bargaining, anti-discriminatory practices, no forced labour and no child labour at all. Tata Motors follows strict anti-discriminatory laws, it implement diversion and inclusive policy. It also prohibits child labour and forced labour in the organization, security personnel have been trained to put a strict vigilance on the same. It also helped in creating employment opportunities in the market; through expansion and export, acquisition Tata expanded its business which helps in creating new job opportunities in the market. Further, Tata Motors hire employees from local market as they have better understanding of market, customer, it also help in reducing inter organizational conflict. Conclusion Major findings from the paper shows the way business expansion facilitates in achieving competitiveness in market; company can also get cost advantage and competitive advantage over its competitors. Germany market offers political, economic and environmental support to the company; there is availability of technology which helps Tata Motors in strengthening its business operations. Different market entry strategies opted by Tata Motors include exporting, acquisition and joint venture. Tata Motors helped Germany automotive market in launching environmental friendly cars. Further, such internalization strategies are beneficial for both host and home countries as both regions gain benefit from FDI inflow, knowledge, technology, development, environmental growth. Globalization have strong impact on different business in the market, it has made the industry environment dynamic which makes organizational sustainability difficult and complex. Therefore companies need to reinvent their busin ess strategies through internationalization, strategic alliance by enhancing scope of their business, market and customer segment. This paper shows the way Tata Motors made its strong presence in different global market, especially Europe and Germany. It also shows the way host country business opportunities impact organizational decisions. This internationalization strategy helped Tata Motors to grow their business, enhance their profitability, sustainability, market scope; it was also helpful for the host country as it bought emergence of new technology, cheap products availability and new business opportunities in the market. Bibliography /cleantechnica.com. (March, 2015 28). Electric Car Demand Growing, Global Market Hits 740,000 Units. Retrieved September 18, 2016, from /cleantechnica.com: https://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/28/ev-demand-growing-global-market-hits-740000-units/ /ycharts.com. (2014). Tata Motors Research and Development Expense . Retrieved September 18, 2016, from /ycharts.com: https://ycharts.com/companies/TTM/r_and_d_expense Andersson, S. (2004). Internationalization in different industrial contexts. Journal of Business Venturing, 851875. Day, S. (1994). The Capabilities of Market Driven Organizations. Journal of Marketing, 37-52. Depamphilis, D. (2010). Mergers and Acquisitions Basics: All You Need to Know. Burlington: Academic Press. GTI. (2013). The Automotive Industry in Germany. Berlin: Germany Trade Invest. Gupta, S. (2010). International Business Management : Multinational Management. New Delhi: Ane Books Pvt Ltd. KorsakienÄ—a, R., TvaronaviÄ ienÄ—a, M. (2012). The internationalization of SMEs: an integrative approach. Journal of Business Economics and Management , 294-307. Luo, Y. (1999). Entry and Cooperative Strategies in International Business Expansion. West port: Greenwood Publishing Group. Luo, Y., Tung, R. L. (2011). International expansion of emerging market enterprises: A springboard perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 481-498. Millington, A. I., Baylis, B. T. (1990). The Process of Internationalisation: UK Companies in the EC. Management International Review, 30(2), 151-161. Osswald, S. (2007). Businesses Existing in the Industry and the Government Policies Impacting on the Industry. Berlin: GRIN Verlag. Porter, M. E. (1990). Competitive Advantage of Nations. London: Free Press. Roux, M. L. (2006, November). South Africa: Tata Ready to Gear Up, But is It On the Right Road? Retrieved Septeber 18, 2016, from https://allafrica.com/stories/200611030713.html: https://allafrica.com/stories/200611030713.html straitstimes.com. (2015). German population tops 81 million after big influx of migrants. Retrieved September 7, 2016, from www.straitstimes.com: https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/german-population-tops-81-million-after-big-influx-of-migrants Tata Motors. (2012). 6th Annual Report 2011-2012. Delhi: Tata Motors. Tata Motors. (2013). Tata Motors new emax Range. India: TML. Tata Motors Limited. (2012). Company Profile. Mumbai: Tata. TML. (2012). Tata Motors: 67th Annual Report. Jamshedpur: Tata. UbreÃ…Â ¾iov, Bujňkov, M. (2009). International business and the reasons of the internationalization activities in the Slovak agri-food complex: The case study of the Slovak milk processing industry. Agriculture economics , 605-610. unctad.org. (2014). World investment report 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2016, from unctad.org: https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2014_en.pdf Williams, D. E. (1992). Motives for retailer internationalization: their impact, structure and implications. Journal of marketing management, 295-310. www.gtai.de. (2015). INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The Automotive Industry in Germany. 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International joint venture instability: A critique of previous research, a reconceptualization, and directions for future research. Journal of International Business Studies,, 30(1), 397-414.

Summer Love Essay Example

Summer Love Essay It didn’t begin as a romance, really. It wasn’t a friendship, either. I don’t really know what to call it, but I do remember the first time I ever saw her. I was young; maybe eleven or twelve. It was so odd that she struck me so much, at first glance. Eleven or twelve is not exactly the age that boys begin admiring girls.   I know I wasn’t looking for a girlfriend. I was outside playing with my buddies, Ricky and Josh. We were building a fort out of some cardboard boxes that dad had found from work. It was what we always did after school. It was while we were putting the last box in its place that I heard this laughter coming from the sidewalk. It was unlike anything I had ever heard before. It was kind of musical, but also a little taunting. â€Å"Is that what you do around here for fun?† asked this lanky, blonde hair, blue eyed girl. Very rarely can you remember what someone says word-for-word, but I will always remember the words of this mysterious girl. All three of us boys gawked at her. She was not like the other girls that we teased at school. They were cute usually wore pigtails or braids that we tugged on to get their attention, but this girl; she was not cute at all. Not really cute. She was pretty. She had rosy cheeks instead of the freckled ones that we usually saw. She was wearing make-up and had one clothes t hat looked too old for her age. We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She told us that her name was Annie. She did not tell me her last name. She told us that she was from New York City and was only in our small town for the summer, staying with her aunt and uncle. I don’t remember what I said back to her that first time she spoke to us. I wanted it to be something clever, something sarcastic, but it was something terribly dull. As dull, apparently, as she thought our town was. The next day, I told Ricky and Josh that I did not feel like playing â€Å"fort† anymore. I told them that it was for kids. I wasn’t a kid anymore. Instead, I waited upstairs in my room and looked out of the window that overlooked our front yard. From our front yard, I could see Annie’s aunt and uncle’s house. She was walking outside, so I ran down the stairs to go outside, stopping at a mirror near the door to make sure my hair was smoothed down and that my collar was straight. I usually let my hair fly however it wanted to, but not in front of Annie. I went outside and leaned against the house, trying to look like I imagined the boys looked in New York City; uncaring and cool. She walked by and stopped. She stared at me, but I was not going to give her the satisfaction of being the first to say something. Especially since I had no clue what I should say. I had not thought that far ahead. â€Å"So where are Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dumb?† she asked. She was talking about Josh and Ricky. I shrugged, and kicked the ground, or something as equally cool and uncaring as that. â€Å"So, where can I girl get a soda in this dump?† She asked, hands on her hips. I was in love. She was a little rude, loud, and annoying, but she was the best thing I had ever seen. It was the beginning of a summer romance. At least, to me it was a romance. I am still not sure why Annie decided to hang around me when there were plenty of local beefy jocks that would have loved to have spent summer with her. I never asked her. I was just glad that for some reason, I was chosen. That was one of the best summers of my life. Ricky and Josh were not really happy, because I rarely had time to be around them, anymore. Annie and her crazy ideas kept me busy. For a girl who complained so much about my hometown, she certainly found plenty to do in it. We went horseback riding—something she had only read about, shopping at our small mall (her idea, not mine), went skinny dipping in a lake (my idea, not hers), and had many mini-adventures. I think that even though she was used to the big city, she had as much of an amazing summer as I did. She was so modern and cool – unlike any girl I had ever met before.   Instead of reading Seventeen, or some other silly magazine that girls read, she enjoyed reading the New York Times, particularly the movie reviews. She loved movies and could quote them like some people quote poetry. â€Å"’Why do you want to fight?’† she would ask me. I knew my cue was â€Å"’Because I can’t sing or dance.’† Rocky was among her favorite movies. â€Å"’I think we make a great couple of coconuts. I am dumb, you are shy, what do you think?’† was another one that I said to make her laugh. Weird for a girl to like Rocky 1 instead of Pretty in Pink, but I wasn’t complaining. The only thing bad about our summer was that even though every day with Annie was fun, I knew that eventually the summer would end and she would have to go back to New York City. That day came and she did not even say goodbye. I went to her aunt and uncle’s house and they told me that they had taken her to the airport early that morning.   I never saw Annie again. Her aunt and uncle moved shortly after that summer. It was one of the best summers of my life, but it happened so fast and ended so fast that sometimes I wonder if it was just a dream. If it was a dream, or if I had been in heaven, then Annie had been an angel. Either way, I will never forget that summer, or Annie from New York City.